Aviation Regulatory Awareness focusing on the three major authorities you mentioned:

1. ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)

• A specialized UN agency that sets global standards and recommended practices (SARPs) for civil aviation.

• Publishes Annexes covering areas like safety, security, air navigation, and environmental protection.

• Member states, including Saudi Arabia and the U.S., align their national regulations with ICAO SARPs to ensure international harmonization.

2. GACA (General Authority of Civil Aviation – Saudi Arabia)

• The national aviation regulator in Saudi Arabia.

• Implements ICAO standards through its own regulatory framework called GACAR (General Authority of Civil Aviation Regulations).

• Oversees airworthiness, flight operations, aerodrome safety, air navigation, and aviation security.

• Introduced a holistic regulatory model for ground handling and training, including Parts 151, 68, and 146.

3. FAA (Federal Aviation Administration – United States)

• The U.S. civil aviation authority responsible for regulating all aspects of American civil aviation.

• Enforces Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), covering everything from pilot licensing to aircraft certification and air traffic control.

• Also plays a major role in aviation research, safety oversight, and airspace management.